Unpublished works

Type

Examples

Personal communication

Personal communication may be unpublished lecture notes, letters, memos, personal interviews, telephone conversations, email or messages from non-archived discussion groups or bulletin boards, photographs, images, tables or data; all these sources are usually non-recoverable from the reader's perspective and are not to be included in the reference list, but should be cited in text as they are referred to.

Cite personal correspondence in text only.

Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible:

O. Stone (personal communication, March 29, 2001)

(M. A. Toby, personal photograph, May 2, 1987)

Lecture notes are treated as personal communication if they are unpublished (i.e. not copied and distributed in print or on the web with the instructor's permission).

Doctoral dissertations and Master's theses (unpublished)

Swinton, M. A. (1984).  Family stress in phenylketonuria

       (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Auckland,

       New Zealand.

Online articles not yet formally published

In preprint archives, articles are posted online ahead of print and are not yet indexed. Use the DOI or the exact URL.

Charles, S. J., & Hogan, N. (in press). Dynamics of wrist

       rotation. Journal of Biomechanics. doi:10.1016/

       j.biomech.2010.11.016

Vickers, P. (in press). Theory eliminativism as a

       methodological tool. Philosophy of Science. 

       Retrieved from http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/8472/1/

       Theory_Eliminativism.pdf      

Advance online publications are generally peer reviewed but may not be copyedited or formatted for final production. If there is no DOI assigned, give the URL of the journal home page.

Diekelmann, S., Buchel, C., Born, J., & Rasch, B. (2011).

       Labile or stable: Opposing consequences for memory when

       reactivated during waking and sleep. Nature Neuroscience.

       Advance online publication. doi:10.1038/nn.2744

Update your references and refer to final versions, if possible, before you submit your work.

Manuscripts

General form:

Author, A. A. (year). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript

       [or "Manuscript submitted for publication", or "Manuscript in

       preparation"].

Geisel, T. S. (n.d.). All sorts of sports. Unpublished manuscript.

Informally published or self-archived work:

Benchimol, G. (2007). Prospects for innovating organisations.

       Retrieved from http://cogprints.org/5701/1/PROSPECTS_

       FOR_INNOVATING_ORGANIZATIONS.pdf